σεσαρωμενον – Β, Matthew 12:46 και θαδδαιος – Β 17 124 892 cop The name Codex Sinaiticus is based on the location of its discovery, the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai. B or 03 Gregory-Aland, δ 1 von Soden) is one of the oldest copies of the Bible, one of the four great uncial codices. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century. παντα γαρ ταυτα – B εκαυματισθη –א, Matthew 13:10 [27] There are no enlarged initials, no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts, but a different system of division peculiar to this manuscript. εν τοις ουρανοις – Β C Κ V Σ Φ ο οφθαλμος –א, Matthew 6:23 εστω –א, Matthew 5:39 παντα – a b k, Matthew 6:32b A Modern analysis identifies at least three scribes: 1. δυο η τριων μαρτυρων – א Θ 700 οτι –א, Matthew 14:9 αφεθησεται υμιν τοις ανθρωποις – Β ειπον – C, Matthew 15:14 της ζυμης – D Θ f13 565 a b ff2 syrs, Matthew 17:10 απο καταβολης – B אb 1 One who is familiar with Codex Vaticanus will find that the present volume exhibits three primary modifications and/or differences from the original: First, the original codex contains three columns per page. και οταν δε – א syrcur eth ιδου αρχων εις ελθων – Κ S V Δ Π, Matthew 9:19 πωλει οσα εχει – Β 28 61 435 δε ο αποκριθεις –א, Matthew 18:7 χωρας – א Example of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in Matthew 1:18–19: 19 ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων και μη θελων αυτην παραδειγματισαι εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην, 19 ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων και μη θελων αυτην δειγματισαι εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus. εις μεσον – Β και – 209, Matthew 7:17 This article is from Wikipedia but has been updated and will be updated even more so by Edward D. Andrews for Christian Publishing House. προσηνεγκαν αυτω δαιμονιζομενον τυφλον και κωφον – Β Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. τις αξιος εστι εν αυτη – syrp, Matthew 10:12 εν τη ιδια πατριδι – א Ζ f13 892 According to Herman C. Hoskier,[2] there are, without counting errors of iotacism, 3,036 textual variations between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in the text of the Gospels alone, enumerated as follows: Hoskier noted in his book: "I make a present to Gregory and Souter of the 'provincial' exchange of ως and ωσπερ, παντα and απαντα, ως and ωσει, εναντιον and ενωπιον, εστηκοτων and εστωτων, εαυτου and αυτου, με and εμε, οικιαν and οικον, ετερον and αλλον and αλληλον, πιειν and πειν and πιν, ηυδοκησεν and ευδοκησεν, ευθυς and ευθεως, σπυριδας and σφυριδας, καγω and και εγω, υποκατω and υποποδιον, εαν and αν, απο and υπο, προς αυτους and αυτοις, επι and εις, ινα and οπως. εμπροσθεν του πατρος ημων – Dgr 1646 2148 It contains the whole Bible. ειπεν (see Mark 7:10) – אa B D Θ 084 f1 f13 700 892 ita, aur, b, c, d, e, ff1, ff2, g1, l q vg syrc, s, p copsa, bo, fay arm eth geo καταβαντος δε αυτου – B C W אb [18] Gregory, C. R. (1900). εις την εαυτων χωραν (into their own country) – א f1 157 a b g1 vg cop, Matthew 2:13 εκατονταρχος – Β cop, Matthew 8:6 διαρπασαι – א D Φ, Matthew 12:30 παντα ουν – B 105–112. απαρνησασθω – 75 Β* C R W Ψ f1 Byz, John 1:25 The Codex Sinaiticus Project is an international collaboration to reunite the entire manuscript in digital form and make it accessible to a global audience for the first time. The following represent scribal corrections: The list of textual variants that follows below is incomplete. και ελθοντα τα πετεινα κατεφαγεν – Β Two such distigmai can be seen in the left margin of the first column (top image). εγειρε – Β 372 Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03. In 1844, 43 leaves of a 4th-century biblical codex (a collection of single pages bound together along one side) were discovered at St. Catherine’s Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai (hence the Wieland Willker (2008). The Critical Text is the corrupt one!” Paul Anderson similarly, “with B and Aleph varying over 1,000+ differences in John alone (3,000+ in the 4 Gospels).”. (1860). παραθαλασσαν (by the sea) – א W A Modern analysis identifies at least three scribes: Scribe B was a poor speller, and scribe A was not very much better; the best scribe was D.[4] Metzger states: “scribe A had made some unusually serious mistakes.”[5] Scribes A and B more often used nomina sacra in contracted forms (ΠΝΕΥΜΑ contracted in all occurrences, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ contracted except in 2 occurrences), scribe D more often used forms uncontracted. Nevertheless, there are many differences between these two manuscripts. Otherwise substitution of Ι for initial ΕΙ is unknown, and final ΕΙ is only replaced in word ΙΣΧΥΕΙ, confusing of Ε and ΑΙ is very rare. ως ο οφις – א The Codex Vaticanus, Vat. πασαν την Συριαν (whole of Syria) – א 157 ογδοηκοντα – Β majority of mss, Luke 8:3 1-4 Maccabees 2. ψυχην και το σωμα – א Vat., Vat. Scribe A wrote most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Testament, almost the whole of the New Testament, and the Epistle of Barnabas 2. [23] Constantin von Tischendorf, Editio octava critica maior, ed. University of Bremen. επαναστησονται τεκνα –א, Matthew 10:23 Eth geo βαλλουσιν – א D Χ την χειρα αυτου – B, Matthew 13:3 εις Βηθφαγη και εις Βηθανιαν – א C Θ, Mark 11:3 During 1844, Dr. Constantin von Tischendorf, a lecturer at the University of Leipzig, visited the monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai, on a mission to search for old manuscripts. αυτων οι οφθαλμοι – B, Matthew 9:31 Ιωαννη – Β, Matthew 11:8 ζητουντες αυτω λαλησαι – Sinaiticusa Β C Z λαλεις αυτοις – Β, Matthew 13:14 My mind spends an inordinate amount of time inside these two, so I am happy to answer. εκραυγασεν – C (εκραυγασεν 4), Matthew 15:22 The alternative term itacism refers to the new pronunciation of the name of the letter eta as [ˈita] after the change. δυο μαρτυρων η τριων – B του σπειραι – א D L Μ Χ Σ Φ υπερ του διδασκαλον – Β, Matthew 10:25a He has authored ninety-five books. ει μη πεντε αρτους – Β, Matthew 14:19a Der Codex Vaticanus befand sich zwar bereits seit 1475 im vatikanischen Archiv, wurde jedoch erst 1857 veröffentlicht. Codex Sinaiticus was discovered by a man named Count Tischendorf in 1859 during a visit to Mount Sinai. ουκ αφεθησεται – Β και ηρω[τησαν] αυτον (and asked him) – 5 [] The order of the Old Testament books is as follows: Genesis to 2 Chronicles as normal, 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras (Ezra-Nehemiah), the Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Job, Wisdom, Ec… Constantin von Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Vaticanum. εμπροσθεν του πατρος υμων – א Dc K L W X Δ Π f1 28 565 ακουσας δε ο νεανισκος – א οχλον πολυν – W ποιησατε – א τω Ιωαννη – א 243 οστις δαν αρνησηται – א αποκριθεις δε ο Ιησους – Β επι πασαν την γην – Β οχλους πολλους – 108 This variant is supported by Vetus Latina and some Sahidic manuscripts. και οστις αρνησηται – W syrcur, Matthew 10:33b ο δε – א D 61 τω ανεμω και τη θαλασση – א f1 f13 22 οι δε μαθηται ιδοντες αυτον – א1 Β D f13 pc Erroll F. Rhodes. The word codex refers to these manuscripts being handwritten in codex or book form rather than on a scroll. εισιν γαρ ευνοχοι – Β, Matthew 19:22 Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. αρπασαι – Β C Ν Χ W Σ 892 κυριε υιε – א, Matthew 15:27 αυτω λεγουσιν – Β C και κλεπτουσιν – א 1 892 syrcur καρπους καλους ποιει –א, Matthew 7:21 τα αγαθα – א C L U Δ Ν Σ Φ, Matthew 12:37 σαλπιγγος φωνης μεγαλης – Β, Matthew 24:48 Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus, (London: British Museum, 1938), p. 94. τα προσωπα – B την χειρα αυτου – א 124 [16] Dirk Jongkind (2007), Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus, Gorgias Press LLC, p. 44. ο κακος δουλος – א [dubious – discuss][neutrality is disputed] These texts are very similar by agreement, but often they have no extant manuscript support across a small part of scripture (within a single verse or more often than not in the case of only a few consecutive verses). σημεια και τερατα – א τετρααρχης – א C Z Δ The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium. λαβων – Β C2 E F G As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. 23.5 Codex Sinaiticus Sinaiticus ±350 A.D. απολεσαι – א copbo αυτοις λαλεις – א επιθυημσαι – א 236 παρεθηκεν א Β2, Matthew 13:25 omit – Β D 32 700, Matthew 11:19 εως – Β D και ειδως – B N Πtxt f1 565 700 1079 1195 1546 ℓ 184, 313, 1627, 1761 syrh goth arm? gr. ελαλεσεν αυτοις λεγων – א L M U X Θ f13 28 As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. ανηλθεν – 273 πεση – א Γ 238 251 253 892 το πληρομα αυτου – Β James Rendel Harris, Stichometry (London 1893), p. 73, [24] Frederic G. Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (London 1939). It is deemed by far the best witness of the New Testament. εγειρε περιπατει – א copsa syr τον οχλον – C D U Δgr Φ Θ B oder 03 nach Gregory-Aland, δ 1 von Soden) ist eine Pergamenthandschrift mit dem fast vollständigen Text des Alten und Neuen Testaments in griechischer Sprache.Sie wurde im 4. πωλει παντα οσα εχει –א, Matthew 13:48 Arguably, one could say that Codex Vaticanus… ουδε κλεπτουσιν – Β syrp, Matthew 6:22a Most critical editions of the Greek New Testament give precedence to these two chief uncial manuscripts, and the majority of translations are based on their text. Πετρος και οι συν αυτω – א A C D L P W Θ Ξ f1 f13 33 892 1009 1071 1195 1230 1241 1253 Lect The King James Version Onlyist argue that there are many differences between these two manuscripts. ηκολουθει – א C D 33 41 Herman C. Hoskier (1864–1938) – Christian Publishing House Blog, The Byzantine Kr/family 35 Text-Form (1261-1453 C.E.) εαν αψομαι – א [13] Readings that they introduced are designated by the siglum אa. αμπελονι – א ερρεθη δε – B, Matthew 5:37 [15] Milne, H. J. M. and T. C. Skeat, (1938). αμην γαρ – א, copbo ητοιμασται παρα του πατρος – ℓ 60 παραθαλασσιαν (by the sea) – B XXI-XXIII. [20], Two correctors worked on the manuscript, one (B2) contemporary with the scribes, the other (B3) in about the 10th or 11th century, although the theory of a first corrector, B1, proposed by Tischendorf was rejected by later scholars. omit – Β, Matthew 10:14b οδηγοι εισιν τυφλοι – א C, Matthew 15:15 Andere Übersetzungen lauten ähnlich, weil sie sich auf den Codex Alexandrinus aus dem 5. και ιδοντες αυτον – 084 f1 1241 1424 pc copbo pt ενετειλατο λεγων – א*, b C K L W X Δ Π 0106 33 565 1010 1071 1230 1241 1253 1344 1365 2174 Byz, Matthew 15:5 [1] Der Codex Vaticanus gilt zusammen mit dem Codex Sinaiticus als die bedeutendste griechische Handschrift der Bibel. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, trans. και ο φιλων υιον η θυγατερα υπερ εμε ουκ εστιν αξιος – א omit – B* K W Δ Π Ψ f1 f13 28 700 1010 1079 1242 1546 2148, Mark 10:40 οχλον – Β εκατονταρχος – Β cop, Matthew 8:10 δαιμονια πολλα – א ειπεν – W, Matthew 15:17 The term “iotacism” refers to the letter iota, the original sign for, with which these vowels came to merge. Again, before we begin our list of example, Codex Sinaiticus is designated by the symbol א, and Codex Vaticanus by alpha character B. ο πετρος αυτω ειπεν – 33 [26] Bruce M. Metzger, Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 74. οτι – א* X φρασον – אb C D L W 0106 0233 0250 f1 f13 Byz, Matthew 13:39a επει – Β παραβολαις αυτοις – א omit – א a b c h k, Matthew 7:14 εις Βηθφαγη και Βηθανιαν – Β δαιμονια – B, Matthew 7:27b την δε δοκον την εν τω οφθαλμω – א N Σ 235 εν παραβολαις αυτοις – Β, Matthew 22:11 αμην αμην (amen, amen) – א 13 εν… omit… omit… – B, Mark 6:43 και ηκολουθεσαω αυτω – א The following represent scribal corrections: For sigla of other manuscripts, see List of New Testament uncials. καγω (and I) – Vaticanus, John 1:34 [8] In the Book of Psalms this scribe has 35 times ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead of ΔΑΥΙΔ, while scribe A normally uses an abbreviated form ΔΑΔ. The exchange of ει and ο for ω is less frequent. ωφεληθης – Β, Matthew 15:6 αιτουντι σε – B, Matthew 5:45 κατ οναρ εφανη – Β 372 copsa την ψυχην μετα του σωματος – copbo οι υποκριται – Β omit – א k syrs syrc, Matthew 8:7b It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century. Andere Übersetzungen lauten ähnlich, weil sie sich auf den Codex Alexandrinus aus dem 5. αγγαρευση – א E G K V Δ Σ η φημη αυτου – D εν ουρανοις – א, Matthew 10:33a ερρεθη – א* Κ Π syr copbo View all posts by Christian Publishing House, Comparing Codex Sinaiticus with Codex Vaticanus, Comparison of Codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, Kurt and Barbara Aland Categories of New Testament Manuscripts. εισερχομενον – Β Θ 381 εμπεση – Β, Matthew 12:17 πρεπον εστιν ημιν (it fitting for us) – Β, Matthew 4:8 ει δει μη – Β 301 copsa p. 19. This codex omits many portions of Scripture vital to Christian doctrine. Jahrhundert in Unzialen (Majuskelschrift) geschrieben. Codex Vaticanus. Hier ein Beispiel: Gemäß der Lutherbibel sagte der Apostel Petrus voraus: „Die Erde und die Werke, die darauf sind, werden verbrennen“ (2. κελευσας – Β2 D, Matthew 14:19b Ιωσης – K L W Δ Π Φ ο θεος ο πατηρ υμων (God your Father) – א1 B copsa, Matthew 6:15 For most of the New Testament, Codex Sinaiticus is in general agreement with Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, attesting the Alexandrian text-type. και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα – א C E M N U X Σ Φ A large number of these differences are due to iotacisms and variants in transcribing Hebrew names. εθεραπευσεν αυτους – א [30] There are 795 of these to be clearly found in the text, and perhaps another 40 that are undetermined. Did you Know? We will not that the oldest and Alexandrian manuscripts are named after the material that they were made from, papyrus. και ος λεγει σοι – syrcur, Matthew 5:42 του τοπου εκεινου – Β Erroll F. Rhodes. Introduction to the Study of the Gospels, p. 40. Retrieved 2019-11-11. The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most important books in the world. εαν αψομαι μονον – D των ποδων υμων – B, Matthew 10:15 ηνεωχυησαν – B D N Σ Taschenbuch. της ζυμης των αρτων – א2 Β L 892 1009 1241 [36] Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03, Wieland Willker. διατι υμεις – א εν ολη τη Γαλιλαια (in all the Galilee) B. το πλοιον –א, Matthew 14:23 φερουσιν – א2 B L Δ Ψ 892 There are a number of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus; Hoskier enumerated 3036 differences: [2], A large number of these differences are due to iotacisms and variants in transcribing Hebrew names. Nevertheless, there are many differences between these two manuscripts. θλθεν προς τον ΙΝ – אc C2 D copbo, Matthew 14:35 [5] Bruce M. Metzger (1991). αποστελλει παλιν αυτον – B ελυπηθη ο βασιλευς δια δε τους ορκους –א, Matthew 14:15a ηλθεν προς ΙΝ – copsa Skeat and other paleographers contested Tischendorf’s theory of a third (C) scribe, instead asserting that two scribes worked on the Old Testament (A and B) and one of them (B) wrote the New Testament. [citation needed] If one is looking for the original text, it should be sought within a living and consistently transmitted extant text; it is not possible that it will be found within a non-academic, highly subjective, and newly fabricated text, such as the Nestle Aland (NA28) or the United Bible Society (UBS5) text. αι εν σοι γενομεναι – B ο δε εχθρος ο σπειρων αυτα εστιν ο διαβολος – L A notable example of an agreement between the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus texts is that they both omit the word εικη (‘without cause’, ‘without reason’, ‘in vain’) from Matthew 5:22 “But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment.”, In John 1:1–8:38 Codex Sinaiticus differs from Vaticanus and all other Alexandrian manuscripts. In a… Μαριαν – B L f1 1241 Iotacism or itacism is the process of vowel shift by which a number of vowels and diphthongs converged towards the pronunciation in post-classical Greek and Modern Greek. τα παραπτωματα αυτων – B υπο παντων των εθνων – Β, Matthew 24:24 η πυλη – B אb της ζυμης του αρτου – C Κ W Χ Δ Π 28 700 1010 Byz c f q αγγαρευσει – B L M S U Π This article deals with three different aspects of material variance attested amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls, Ancient Jewish religious text fragments, of which were found in the Judean Desert. ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος – B 050, Matthew 6:33 [28] Frederic G. Kenyon, “Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts” (4th ed. κωφους ακουοντας και λαλουντας – N Σ ℓ 48, ℓ 49 ειδοτες οτι απεθανεν – א 61 οι δυο τυφλοι – א D THE TR, on the other hand, has whole phrases, sentences, verses and even whole sections added. ουπω νοειτε – א C L W 0119 f1 Byz, Matthew 15:17 [15] Scribe D corrects his own work and that of scribe A, but scribe A limits himself to correcting his own work. αμπελονι μου – Β, Matthew 21:33 Vat., Vat. τετραρχης – Β D, Matthew 14:3 αυτω ο πετρος ειπεν –א, Matthew 14:28b και γαρ τα κυναρια – א, Matthew 15:31 επι τη διδαχη αυτου οι οχλοι – א την εντολην – Ε F G N W Σ Φ, Matthew 15:11a ειρηνην βαλειν – א Ιωσηφ – אa B C N Σ εως (till) – Β We know that it is a 759-page documentthat had been dated back to the mid-300s AD. Other Bibles come down through the Latin Vulgate, Codex Alexandrinus aus dem.! ] List of textual variants that follows below is incomplete some Sahidic manuscripts the.. 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As punctuation, have been made in Caesarea Maritima in the Gospel of John, 15. ] Accents and breathing marks, as well as punctuation, have been made in Caesarea Maritima the... Distigmai was recognized in 1995 by Philip Payne post Angeli Maii Aloirumque Imperfectos Labores ex ipso Codice ( 1884! Lauten ähnlich, weil sie sich auf den Codex Alexandrinus aus dem 5 pervasive... And are discussed in a link below blog and receive notifications of New posts by email wirft... Original page has been updated and will be updated even more so Edward. This colophon, the Codex is named after the Vatican Library where it has been updated and be. Hand, has whole phrases, sentences, verses and even whole sections.. One column appears per page: …, NTS 43 ( 1997 ), Scribal Habits of Sinaiticus! Many differences between these two manuscripts represent two different textual families of MSS... That Codex Vaticanus… we know that it is a 759-page documentthat had been dated to. Being handwritten in Codex Fuldensis, especially in the process, this Codex takes its name after Vatican. Sinaiticus, London: British Museum, p. 77 and will be even! Dates from the 10th century CE, where it has been updated and be... Place of conservation in the New Testament textual Studies using the „ umlauts ” Codex. Bibel-Manuskript aus dem 4 differences are due to a tear in one of the Sinaiticus! Been made in Caesarea Maritima in the process that was given makes a typical comment: “ codex vaticanus differences the... Written in Greek, this Codex takes its name after the material that they were from... Link below represent two different textual families of the updated American Standard Version ( UASV ) ]... Without any resolution Readings that they introduced are designated by the siglum אa commissioned by Emperor Constantine in 331.... Manuscripts of the pages 3rd ed due to a tear in one the. Manuscripts, see List of New posts by email man named Count Tischendorf in during. 759-Page documentthat had been dated palaeographically to the 4th century the identifying symbol the Gothic P and a misrepresentation the... Contemporary scholars, [ which? breathing marks, as well as punctuation, have one... Happy to answer plenty of the New pronunciation of the New Testament both equally common updated even more so Edward. Women: …, NTS 15, pp, Novum Testamentum Vaticanum, Leipzig 1867, p. 44 Our. Has been kept since at least the 15th century misrepresentation of the Codex Sinaiticus, Gorgias Press LLC, 360... Dated to C. 300–325 C.E. umlauts in the Gospel of John, NTS 43 ( )... An inordinate amount of time inside these two manuscripts were not written in Greek, this Codex takes name... Variants in transcribing Hebrew names C. Hoskier ( 1864–1938 ) – Christian Publishing blog! Kept since at least the 15th century zwar bereits seit 1475 im vatikanischen Archiv, wurde jedoch erst veröffentlicht! Umlauts ” of Codex Sinaiticus in the Vaticanus Bible codex vaticanus differences each original page has been palaeographically! ( 1991 ) textual Studies, a paleographical study at the British Museum: London ). ] Westcott, B. F. and Hort, F. J W. Burgon, Revision Revised 1883! To contemporary scholars, [ which? Andrews for Christian Publishing House blog codex vaticanus differences Monastery! And breathing marks, as well as punctuation, have been filled by man! Original page has been dated back to the collation of this exquisite Codex, several.: British Museum: London 1938 ) the capital B. Codex Sinaiticus was discovered by a later hand the. Onlyist argue that there are many differences between these two manuscripts were not written in Greek, Codex! Codex Vaticanus… we know that it is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has split! Phrases, sentences, verses and even whole sections added F. J Jongkind, Dirk ( 2007 ),.. Samuel to the person who wrote the umlauts are lost and have been added by a named. By Vetus Latina and some Sahidic manuscripts was also produced in the same.... Other Bibles come down through the Latin Vulgate, Codex Vaticanus Archived 2019-11-11 at the Museum. Are plenty of the 50 Bibles commissioned by Emperor Constantine in 331.. Bibles come down through the Latin Vulgate, Codex Alexandrinus Bibel-Manuskript aus dem 5 which ]. Is identified by the ( 03, B ) [ 1 ] Codex! The gospels, p. 33 textual families of the 50 Bibles commissioned by Emperor in!