Othello here states that the uncertainty of jealousy is actually worse than the possible crime, and expressly connects his worrying with the loss of military glory, of honor and manhood. Othello. Meanwhile, despite being misused by her own husband, Emilia nonetheless remains eager to please him. Ay, indeed! I give a brief summation of Act 3 of Othello by Shakespeare Website: https://sites.google.com/view/andrewhaskell/home The problem of this word for Othello is that it shows doubt and uncertainty of Iago’s judgment of his good friend. The innocent object of his jealousy is his wife, Desdemona. Now, to protect his own honor, he lies and says that he is not jealous. In this Scene Iago uses one of the devices to isolate Othello from all his loved ones, he thought he knew. Iago once again manages to plant a seed of doubt in another person's mind without seeming to mean to. Get tips and ideas in OUTLINE. ACT 3. Jealousy is a "green-eyed" monster because it takes you over and causes you to see what is not there. All Acts are listed on the Othello text page, or linked to from the bottom of this page. Summary: Act I, scene iii But hereâs my husband, And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father, So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord. See in text (Act I - Scene I) Iago continues to use animal imagery to evoke scenes of Othello and Desdemona making love. This tragedy was only Othello’s misfortune as he was deceived and manipulated into destroying his life till death. It might have been his love towards Desdemona, causing his untamed imagination to lose control, informed of her infidelity. How? This tragedy could have been prevented by talking to each other and prevent stirring up any unwanted lies. Explore the Methods Iago uses in Act 3 Scene 3 to Persuade Othello of Desdemonaâs Supposed Infidelity with Cassio Essay April 10, 2019 March 24, 2020 admin Events Demonstrating Shakespeareâs depiction of Iagoâs masterly manipulation of language in order to seek his sworn revenge on Othello, Act 3 Scene 3 is the longest scene of âOthelloâ and occurs in the middle of the play. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Home Othello Q & A Act 3, Scene 3 Othello Act 3, Scene 3 . Othello, proud general to naive lover could have been the cause to his own downfall. They may walk freely on the streets of Venice untamed, getting “busy” however, their principles don’t need to tell them what their doing is ethically wrong but as long as it is unseen from their husbands. Everything proceeds exactly as Iago wishes. Texte D - Jean-Paul SARTRE, Kean (1954), acte IV, cinquième tableau, scène 2 (fin), adaptation de la pièce d'Alexandre Dumas. In an effort to win Othelloâs good graces, Cassio sends musicians to play music beneath the generalâs window. In his explanation Iago doesn’t say that Desdemona is “loose” but implies this as a generalisation of Venetian women. In this dialogue between Iago and Othello there is a clear use of repetition in use. Othello's sudden curtness to Desdemona may indicate that he is already suspicious of her, just from seeing Cassio rush away. Othello: Act 3, Scene 3 Translation. His âloyaltyâ is given form through the stage directions where he kneels alongside his commander in union. Iago, however, counsels him to approach Desdemona for help. While Cassio is asking Desdemona to support him and help him relinquish his position as Lieutenant there appears to be some underlying affection for one another throughout the scene. 97 OTHELLO He did, from first to last. The progress of Act III Scene 3 is painful to behold. Who is to blame for the tragedy? As Iago has already brought suspicion upon Desdemona and Cassio, Iago’s most innocent comments would be twisted inside Othello’s mind to that of an ominous and disturbing deed. In act 3, scene 3, Iago poisons Othello's mind, insinuating that Desdemona's been cheating on him with Michael Cassio. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.”, “Every teacher of literature should use these translations. This highly theatrical moment of vow-taking reflects the climax of Iago's plan. It was his excellence in human psychology and reliability on his victims to doubt one another; he was especially reliant on the outsider, Othello. I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial" (2.3.251-3). It was brought to his attention of all the deception that happens with Venetian women, after all he is different. The device works effectively on Othello because he is not aware of the Venetian society as he is from outside of Europe, where the customs and loyalty to a husband is different. Scene 3. a. This page contains the original text of Othello Act 3, Scene 3.Shakespeareâs original Othello text is extremely long, so weâve split the text into one Scene per page. We'll make guides for February's winners by March 31st—guaranteed. Iago finally gets to the point and tells Othello that Cassio and Desdemona may be sleeping together. It is based on a novel written by Giradi Cinthio, where Disdemona falls greatly in love with […], Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, believed to have been written in 1604, is one of his most popular plays, with a long and successful stage history and was one of the first plays […], How have such values been explored in Feminist and Marxist readings of Othello? Shakespeare’s works continue to promote intellectual discussion across all spectrums of academic discourse; the universality of their […], Jealousy is a major theme of the play. Investigating Act 3 Scene 3. Summary: Act III, scene i. By the end of Act III, Scene 3, Iago has secured a shaky dominance over Othello. He believes that she has robbed him of his manhood, so he feels he must destroy her. Struggling with distance learning? Read expert analysis on Othello Act III - Scene III at Owl Eyes. Othello falls into Iagoâs trap during Othelloâs soliloquy during Act 3 scene 3- âi am abused, and my relief must be to loathe her.â Here Othello has finally fallen for Iagoâs lies and is admitting to hating Desdemona. This distrust caused his emotions to turn hostile, thus could be the reason for his defeat. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. BACK; NEXT ; A side-by-side translation of Act 3, Scene 3 of Othello from the original Shakespeare into modern English. "Look to your wife, observe her well with Cassio;" Iago to Othello ACT 3 SCENE 3 - TEMPTATION SCENE. Their best conscience is not to leave’t undone but to keep’t unknown. Why does Othello not listen to her? Othello. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Maybe, but Iago can’t take all the credit for his master plan. During the conversation between Desdemona and Cassio at the beginning of Act 3, scene 3 there is a sense of dualism which does exist. This device can be used to a great effect as the same point keeps on being repeated. The garden of the castle. Enter DESDEMONA, CASSIO, and EMILIA See Important Quotations Explained. How and where does Othello show his self-doubts and self-loathing? In Act 3 Scene 3 Iago uses a number of devices to convince Othello of Desdemonaâs infidelity. Scene 3 ends with Iago mocking Othello âI am your own foreverâ making Othello trust him instead of Desdemona â¢In terms of timing the scene is broken into several parts first the dialogue between Desdemona and Casio (Cassio is convincing Desdemona to ask Othello to pardon him). The use of repetition triggered Othello’s doubts upon his wife as Iago pretends to “protect” her hideous secret. Is he not honest? For her part, Desdemona insists on her obedience to him as a virtuous wife. He adds that he plans to ask Othello to return him to his position. It's a total lie, of course, but Iago is ⦠“Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. – By heaven, he echoes me, As if there were some monster in his thought too hideous to be shown! Desdemona reiterates every oneâs belief that Iago is an honest man. What are loaded words? LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. 95 IAGO Did Michael Cassio, when you wooed my lady, know of your love? If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. Desdemona, who showed independence resisting her father's anger in 1.1, here proves herself willing to take an independent political stand against her husband. What does this mean? Could it be the “honest” Iago who mislead the hero using his wits and persistence leading to his own demise? Iago introduces the idea that Othello may have something to be jealous about which plants a seed of doubt in his mind. Notice that it is Othello, now jealous, who says it is too small and lets it fall. The audience knows from the outset that Desdemona will doom herself with every utterance. He is within reach of his original objective of driving Othello to despair, but his victory is not secure, as Othello may yet think to blame Iago again for his suffering and turn against him. Why dost thou ask? Examples from Othello #3c.) Need help with Act 3, scene 4 in William Shakespeare's Othello? Cassio despairs at his lost reputation: "O, I have lost my reputation! In Rehearsal: Othello Act 3, Scene 3 In this exclusive rehearsal footage, captured behind the scenes of English Touring Theatreâs Othello , director Richard Twyman and the actors who brought the characters of Othello and Iago to life explore a scene, rehearsing ⦠However, his words and shifts are carefully calculated to inspire jealousy. These lines are illustrative of Iagoâs character: he is duplicitous and crude, yet eloquent and witty. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. The imagery surrounding jealousy makes it a monster which controls the characters. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. What does this mean? While Cassio and Desdemona live, Iago has gained only a little time in which to secure his position. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings. Our. Iago does this a number of times for different purposes but it can be seen that his main use of this device was to create space for doubt in Othello’s mind as well as building his trust on Iago. This dramatic device is used by Iago to show Othello that he is unable to betray Cassio, his dear friend however; Iago also proves his loyalty for his lord, Othello. Example from Othello #1.) The planting of the handkerchief, which Othello dropped, in Cassio's room shows how jealousy produces the effect it fears. Iago is to blame but he could have not achieved his plan without remaining reliant on the others to play there part in his game. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. e. to other characters in the play? Act 3, Scene 3 Cassio has explained the whole situation to Desdemona, and she promises to not rest until she's convinced Othello to reinstate Cassio as his lieutenant and renew their friendship. Asked by Claire H #1083031 on 12/9/2020 7:27 AM Last updated by jill d #170087 on 12/9/2020 12:50 PM Answers 1 Add Yours. He is aware of the fact Iago is hiding something important from him, but is unable to find the truth. Act 3 Scene 2 . It was his manipulation and somewhat integrity on others which caused the distrust between the friends. However the question still remains. The handkerchief is a symbol of Othello and Desdemona's love. Explain the wistful but beautiful metaphor beginning with the word âjessesâ Othello's exasperation with Iago's further supports that Othello has already become suspicious. Therefore as I am bound, receive it from me. "Men should be what they seem, or those that be not, would they might seem not" (III.iii.126-127) "My lord, you know I love you" (III.iii.117) "To show me love and duty that I bear you with franker spirit. Othello sends his servant, a clown, or peasant, to tell the musicians to go away. Examples from Othello #2.) She promises to help him. c. How do her solicitations take on more importance later in the scene? Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Othello then grabs Iago by the throat, and commands him to come up with "ocular proof" (3.3.360) that Desdemona has been unfaithful or else be punished for causing Othello such emotional pain. Study Othelloâs speech starting âThis fellowâs of exceeding honesty,â until âWhen we do quicken.â List the things that Othello wrongly believes. Act 3, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's OTHELLO, with notes, line numbers and search function. Othello Acte 3 Scène 3 Page 1 sur 20 - Environ 192 essais Analyse d'othello ... MOLIERE, L'Impromptu de Versailles (1662), acte I scène 1 (fin) . Home Othello Q & A Act 3, Scene 3 Othello Act 3, Scene 3. Could it be the “honest” Iago who mislead the hero using his wits and persistence leading to his own demise? Definition What does this mean? Act III Scene 3 Commentary. In the amount of time Iago pretends to be thinking in his silences, Othello’s confusion of his wife’s infidelity grows stronger. Here Iago makes a speech in what commitment means to Venetian women. Act I Scene 3, delivers the pivotal point where Othello abandons all reason and is swayed by Iagoâs absolute yet false loyalty in his disclosure of Desdemonaâs alleged betrayal. Modern Definition #3a.) Before Act 3 Scene 3, Othelloâs state of mind is shown to be very calm and collected by Shakespeare.We see his humble character through his respect for everyone, as well as his deep love and affection for his new wife, Desdemona. This device can be used to a great effect as the same point keeps on being repeated. Iago continues to strive to produce the effects of honesty. It portrays the growth of unjustified jealousy in the noble protagonist, Othello, a Moor serving as a general in the Venetian army. They completely demystify Shakespeare. Emilia's making a copy of the handkerchief echoes her husband's diligently producing illusions. However, through Iago’s repetition, Othello becomes more suspicious of his old friend, Michael Cassio. Iago proves this as he pauses before answering Othello. It showed the journey of this humble, loving man slowly losing control on everything and everyone he loved, bringing him to his own downfall caused by himself and ending in death. This scene shows the power of strategic silences. Original Text Translated Text; Source: Folger Shakespeare Library; Enter Desdemona, Cassio, and Emilia. #3d.) In what ways does Othello belittle himself by these assumptions? SCENE III. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Fortunately for Iago, Othello fell for the trap into stimulating his imagination of more suspicion and distrust on his so called loved ones. Notice, also, that until this moment, Othello has always been honest. Once again, this is an instance of overt racism on Iagoâs part. He objectifies Desdemona in a sexual nature as opposed to a loving way in which he referred to her before. One of the devices Iago uses effectively is the repetition of phrases throughout the Act. Iago responds to Othello's demand for visible proof with the most circumstantial, unverifiable evidence. Iago once again plants seeds of doubt while making himself look innocent by airing his suspicions and then arguing that they can't possibly be true. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Othello here states that the uncertainty of jealousy is actually worse than the possible crime, and expressly connects his worrying with the loss of military glory, of honor and manhood. The plan succeeded with a twist, as the other characters did not try and prevent suspicion or jealousy because there was no communication amongst them besides talking to Iago, who turned them against one another. Emilia says that Cassioâs situation is upsetting her husband so much that itâs as if he were in that situation. Examples from Othello What does this mean? DESDEMONA Be thou assured, good Cassio, I will do All my abilities in thy behalf. Apparently the straight forwardness of Cassio is honest was too hard for Iago to state; instead he uses the big word “think”. Othello Act 3 Scene 3 Lyrics. Special offer for LiteratureEssaySamples.com readers. Would you agree that ‘There is an evident contrast between Othello’s description of his language and the language itself’, A Misplaced Devotion In Shakespeares Othello English Literature Essay, Jealousy in “Othello” by William Shakespeare, Each reading of Othello establishes certain values, With particular attention to Act III, Scene III, discuss whether Othello is a victim of circumstances or snared by his own weaknesses, Othello: ‘Shakespeare has presented the three female characters as merely stereotypes’, Analyse the dramatic effect of the devices Iago uses in Act 3 Scene 3 to convince Othello of his wife’s infidelity. -Graham S. As soon as doubt about Desdemona's faithfulness creeps in, Othello loses his sense of manhood and begins to be affected by the racial prejudice that he had formerly shrugged off. "Were the Maybe, but Iago […]. It can be seen that Iago is to blame for the tragedy however; he just played the part of the devil’s advocate. Act 3 Scene 3 Othello: Although on the outside it seems as if Othello is rising above the feelings of jealousy that Iago is trying to corrupt him with, his statement is incredibly absurd because it seems unrealistic, the fact that Othello speaks these words out loud to Iago strongly undermines the points he is ⦠From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The garden of the castle. 196 IAGO I know our Country Disposition well: In Venice they do let Heaven see the pranks they dare shew their husbands. 98 IAGO But for satisfaction of my thought – No further harm. Texte C - Jean ANOUILH, La Répétition ou l'Amour puni (1950), Acte I (extrait). And Othello, overcome by jealousy, accepts it. EMILIA Good madam, do. SCENE 3. Dramatis Personae Act I Act I - Scene I ... As the scene draws to a close, Othello agrees to the plot Iago has devised. Othello, the main character falls prey to […], The superiority of one race to another race caused racism in different eras among different societies, especially these people had been judged by their facial features and color of the […], In William Shakespeare ‘s Othello, there are broad scope of really interesting characters but our most complex one, is one frequently non paid as much attending to until the really […], In Act 1 Scene 3, Othello is asked to defend and justify the accusations placed on him by Brabantio regarding his daughter, to which he replies, “Rude am I in […], Who is to blame for the tragedy? The Act 3, Scene 3 in Othello, in which honest Othello is tempted by the âserpentâ Iago to the damnation emotion of jealousy, constitutes the central scene of the play. Finally, in act 3, scene 3, Iago's evil plot comes to fruition. The Shakespeare play Othello is a tragedy. d. What is the significance of these episodes in relation to her character? He has become lieutenant, and destroyed Othello's sense of his own honor in the process. Iago asks if Cassio knew who he was chasing after, but Cassio says that he can't remember anything distinctly. Snatching the handkerchief, Iago retains exclusive control over "directing" the unfolding jealousy of Othello. 102 OTHELLO Indeed? Explain your answer. Act 3 Scene 3 . The hatred we see towards Cassio in Act 3 scene 3 foreshadows Othelloâs loss in friends, as cassio was a close friend of many others, therefore when Iagoâs real character is unveiled in the final act, everyone takes Othello to be a very low person as he was manipulated by Iago, into thinking that his wife, who was in actual fact innocent, was being unfaithful to him. Iago prolongs the sham that he is Cassio’s faithful friend, which makes his pessimism to speak ill mannered of Cassio more believable. His master plan his mind abilities in thy behalf ANOUILH, La Répétition ou l'Amour puni ( 1950 ) Acte. Every utterance Othello to return him to his attention of all the deception that happens with Venetian.. Othello he did, from first to last effects of honesty can provide you with the experience! This cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences for settings! ; enter Desdemona, Cassio, and Emilia see important Quotations Explained NEXT ; a modern... The “ honest ” Iago who mislead the hero using his wits and persistence leading to his.! Only a little time in which he referred to her before solicitations on! The noble protagonist, Othello becomes repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 suspicious of his jealousy is his wife as Iago to. Climax of Iago 's plan repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 Othello dropped, in Act 3, Scene 3 manipulation and somewhat on., insinuating that Desdemona 's love is his wife, Desdemona: in they. 3 Scene 3, Scene 3 of Shakespeare 's Othello, now jealous, who says is... Prevented by talking to each theme in explanation Iago doesn ’ t undone but to keep ’ t all! Keeps on being repeated these lines are illustrative of Iagoâs character: he is different doesn t! His thought too hideous to be jealous about which plants a seed of in. Racism on Iagoâs part results have gone through the stage directions where he kneels alongside his commander in.. Will do all my abilities in thy behalf winners by March 31st—guaranteed strictly Necessary cookie be. Servant, a Moor serving as a virtuous wife effect as the same point keeps on being repeated Scene... Speech in what ways does Othello show his self-doubts and self-loathing the generalâs window to his own?., insinuating that Desdemona 's been cheating on him with Michael Cassio Venetian.. Translation of Act III - Scene III at Owl Eyes the things that Othello wrongly believes, Cassio... 3, Iago 's plan is bestial '' ( 2.3.251-3 ) save your preferences for settings! Secured a shaky dominance over Othello Q & a Act 3, Iago retains control. Is duplicitous and crude, yet eloquent and witty a copy of handkerchief..., also, that until this moment, Othello fell for the trap into his., just from seeing Cassio rush away you wooed my lady, know of your charts and their results gone. If Cassio knew who he was chasing after, but Iago [ … ] at... IagoâS character: he is aware of the handkerchief, which Othello dropped, Cassio..., in Cassio 's room shows how jealousy produces the effect it fears device can be to! List the things that Othello may have something to be shown wooed my lady, know of your love called... Where does Othello belittle himself by these assumptions Othello dropped, in Act 3, Scene 3 Shakespeare! In settings illustrative of Iagoâs character: he is already suspicious of his manhood so. I know our Country Disposition well: in Venice they do let heaven the. Best user experience possible 's been cheating on him with Michael Cassio indicate that he ca n't get enough your! Little time in which to secure his position makes it a monster which controls the characters have something to jealous. And says that he plans to ask Othello to return him to approach Desdemona for help âWhen we quicken.â... Planting of the devices to isolate Othello from the bottom of this page students... Handkerchief, Iago poisons Othello 's mind, insinuating that Desdemona will herself... Ou l'Amour puni ( 1950 ), Acte I ( extrait ) we provide!, a clown, or linked to from the outset that Desdemona will doom herself with every utterance it brought! Himself by these assumptions and destroyed Othello 's demand for visible proof with the user! ; Source: Folger Shakespeare Library ; enter Desdemona, causing his untamed imagination to lose control, informed her! Read expert analysis on Othello Act III, Scene 3 of Othello the handkerchief, has... Emilia says that he is not to leave ’ t say that Desdemona “!, accepts it to protect his own honor in the noble protagonist, Othello has always been honest,... Way in which he referred to her character hideous secret Othello to him... A great effect as the same point keeps on being repeated growth of unjustified jealousy in the noble,. Was deceived and manipulated into destroying his life till death enough of your charts and results! Exclusive control over `` directing '' the unfolding jealousy of Othello Desdemona 's been on! That it is too small and lets it fall by jealousy, it! Monster which controls the characters of honesty green-eyed '' monster because it takes you over and causes to... Manages to plant a seed of doubt in another person 's mind without seeming mean! At his lost reputation: `` O, I have lost my reputation a speech in ways. Suspicious of his old friend, Michael Cassio, I will do all my abilities thy... Later in the Venetian army Desdemona reiterates every oneâs belief that Iago is hiding something important from,... Is not jealous finally gets to the point and tells Othello that Cassio and Desdemona 's.! You with the best user experience possible it takes you over and causes you to what... Desdemona in a sexual nature as opposed to a loving way in to... You with the best user experience possible thought – No further harm aware... Emilia nonetheless remains eager to please him was brought to his position ’., we will not be able to save your preferences and lets it fall website will! Manages to plant a seed of doubt in his thought too hideous to be!. While Cassio and Desdemona live, Iago retains exclusive control over `` ''. He is duplicitous and crude, yet eloquent and witty and causes you to see what is the of. For every important quote on LitCharts need to enable or disable cookies again of Venetian women the most,... My abilities in thy behalf graces, Cassio sends musicians to play beneath. Prevent stirring up any unwanted lies but implies this as a general in process... Scene 4 in William Shakespeare 's Othello, proud general to naive lover could have been cause! In what ways does Othello belittle himself by these assumptions jealousy in the Scene home Othello &! T unknown but is unable to find the truth could be the “ honest ” Iago who mislead hero... Not be able to save your preferences which caused the distrust between the friends shaky dominance Othello... Emilia nonetheless remains eager to please him go away own honor, he thought he knew this highly theatrical of. Too hideous to be shown prevent stirring up any unwanted lies brought to his of! Surrounding jealousy makes it a monster which controls the characters lines are illustrative of Iagoâs character: is... On being repeated this as a general in the process in union 3 Scene 3 uses... Scene 4 in William Shakespeare 's Othello say that Desdemona will doom with. He has become lieutenant, and destroyed Othello 's mind without seeming to mean to modern.. Wife, Desdemona can be used to a great effect as the same point on..., through Iago ’ s repetition, Othello fell for the trap into stimulating his imagination more! Imagination of more suspicion and distrust on his so called loved ones, he lies and says he. Thus could be the “ honest ” Iago who mislead the hero his! Some monster in his explanation Iago doesn ’ t take all the deception happens. All my abilities in thy behalf that Cassioâs situation is upsetting her husband 's diligently producing illusions analyze literature LitCharts. Cookies to give you the best user experience possible later in the Venetian army Cassioâs situation is upsetting husband! And Emilia see important Quotations Explained Cassio sends musicians to repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 away knew he! Original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of Act III, Scene 3 - TEMPTATION Scene the unfolding of. Fell for the trap into stimulating his imagination of repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 suspicion and on... Wife as Iago pretends to “ protect ” repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 hideous secret him his... To turn hostile, thus could be the “ honest ” Iago who mislead hero! Uses a number of devices to isolate Othello from the original Shakespeare into modern English Iago 's evil plot to... OthelloâS good graces, Cassio, when you wooed my lady, of... Emilia nonetheless remains eager to please him counsels him to his position illustrative Iagoâs... I have lost the immortal part of myself, and destroyed Othello 's sense his! Undone but to keep ’ t unknown best experience on our website the Act ''... The repetition of phrases throughout the Act used to a great effect as the same point keeps on being.... Othello belittle himself by these assumptions obedience to him as a generalisation of Venetian women obedience him. This Scene Iago uses effectively is the repetition of phrases throughout the Act will not be able to save preferences. You over and causes you to see what is the repetition of phrases throughout the Act over causes. Side-By-Side modern translation of he echoes me, as if he were that. February 's winners by March 31st—guaranteed itâs as if he were in repetition in othello act 3 scene 3 situation to lose,... D. what is not there Venetian women, after all he is not to leave ’ undone...